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Half bit storage

A defective one-bit storage cell loses a continuous amount of useful information as read noise increases; Shannon entropy pinpoints the flip probability that leaves half a bit.

Half a Bit

How can we store half a bit of information?

A 1-bit storage unit stores, by definition, 1 bit. Now consider a defective storage unit, where reading it may cause a bit flip with some probability p.

If p = 0, we are back to the initial case: with no defect.

If p = 1/2, the value we read is completely random. It is therefore essentially impossible to store information, and intuitively the stored information is exactly 0 bits.

But what if 0 < p < 1/2? For p very close to 0, it makes sense for the information to be close to 1 bit, but slightly less. Likewise, for p close to 1/2, we will have little information, but more than 0 bits. The information must vary continuously from 1 bit to 0 bits as p varies from 0 to 1/2.

To find p such that we have 0.5 bits, note that after one observation there are two possible cases: the bit has been flipped, with probability p, or it is still the original bit, with probability 1 - p.

We use Shannon information theory. We compute the Shannon entropy:

H(p) = -p log2(p) - (1 - p) log2(1 - p)

At this point, the stored information is:

I(p) = 1 - H(p)

Numerically, if 1 - H(p) = 1/2, that is H(p) = 1/2, the probability solving the equation is approximately:

p = 0.110027... ≈ 11.0%