Back to Draft concepts

Rock-paper-scissors with a disadvantage

A game-theoretic note on a rock-paper-scissors variant where one player cannot play scissors, reducing the game to guessing a positive integer.

Consider the game of rock-paper-scissors, where in case of a tie the game continues with new throws until a winner is declared. We introduce a variant: one of the two players (“player B”) cannot throw scissors. The question is: how disadvantaged is B?

Notice that:

  • if A plays paper, B ties with paper and loses with rock
  • if A plays scissors, B loses with paper and wins with rock (the game certainly ends)

If A played rock, B would win with paper and tie with rock, a strictly inconvenient situation for A compared to playing paper.

What follows is that every rational game unfolds like this: a succession of paper-paper ties (possibly empty) followed by one of the following cases:

  • A plays paper and B plays rock, A wins
  • A plays scissors and B plays paper, A wins
  • A plays scissors and B plays rock, B wins

One can essentially think of the game as a succession of paper-paper turns, interrupted at some point by one of the two players. If and only if both interrupt at the same moment, B wins; otherwise A wins.

Equivalently, we can say that A chooses a turn on which to play scissors. If B guesses this turn by playing rock, B wins. Otherwise, if B plays rock too early or plays paper on the turn when A changes symbol, B loses.

The problem therefore turns out to be equivalent to “A chooses a positive integer, B wins if and only if B guesses it”. The question remains: how disadvantaged is B?

A has arbitrarily good strategies: by choosing an ideally large integer N, if A chooses their number (which in the initial problem corresponds to the turn on which to play scissors) randomly with uniform distribution between 1 and N, B’s probability of winning will be at most 1/N. Indeed, it does not matter which strategy B adopts: if B chooses a number <= N, B will have probability 1/N of winning, and with numbers > N B will certainly lose.

On the other hand, A cannot have probability exactly 1 of winning with any strategy. Indeed B can choose their number according to a geometric distribution (for example), which assigns each positive integer a positive probability of being chosen. It does not matter which number A chooses and how: the probability that B guesses it will never be 0.

This should follow from the fact that the positive integers, being countable, do not admit a uniform probability distribution, so “A cannot choose at random”.

So how disadvantaged is B? Very. A has an infinite tower of arbitrarily good strategies. But there is no strategy better than all the others, so B will always have a chance of victory.